This paper explores the intersection of informal settlements and pandemic resilience. The study emphasizes the historical context of pandemics and their correlation with urban design, highlighting the pivotal role of urban planning and architectural interventions in curtailing disease transmission. The methodology involves a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature from databases like PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar, focusing on keywords related to informal settlements, urban interventions, architecture, and pandemics. The selected articles, primarily from 2020, undergo comparative analysis, leading to the development of a conceptual framework for pandemic resilience in informal settlements. Results from the literature review are presented in two sections: «Informal Settlements and Pandemics» and «Informal Settlements and COVID-19.» Findings underscore overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate infrastructure as contributors to disease transmission. Case studies emphasize the significance of enhanced waste and water infrastructures, proper drainage, and improved housing design for pandemic prevention. Difficulties implementing public health guidelines, such as social distancing, in these settings are revealed. Additionally, digital connectivity disparities and multifactorial vulnerabilities of informal settlements to COVID-19 are explored. In conclusion, the study advocates for rethinking urban planning and architectural design to address vulnerabilities in informal settlements during pandemics, providing insights for post-pandemic urban remodeling, and emphasizing resilience in future health crises.
The onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetables in Niger due to its use in food and medicine. The present study, the first of its kind on the production of bulbs from bulbils, aims to compare two onion production technologies in Niger. For this, a test was set up on the CACH experimental site which is located in the Niamey IV commune. The parameters studied were the rate of plant recovery, plant growth and yield and the characteristics of the bulbs at harvest. The results showed that plant height increased over time for all treatments. The analysis shows that there are significant differences between the treatments. The average number of bulbs per plot found at the bulbil treatment level (86.33±8,430 bulbs) is significantly higher compared to that of the seedling treatment (75±5,292 bulbs); the average weight of bulbil treatment (0.98 kg) is lower than that of seedling treatment (1.16 kg); the weight of fresh biomass from seedling treatment (0.3±0.1414 kg) is greater than that of bulbils (0.25±0.2074 kg). The study noted that the yield in weight for the seedling treatment (19666.67±2.129 kg/ha) is significantly greater than that recorded for the bulbil treatment (19000±1.211 kg/ha). Both techniques have proven to be effective and can be used successively so that the onion is available and accessible all seasons of the year.
In Morocco, the antimony indices and deposits are divided into three regions: Central Morocco which contains the majority of the indices, the Rif, the Tazekka and Tamlelt massifs. These mineralizations are mainly hosted in Paleozoic terrains, sometimes near outcrops of Hercynian granites outside their aureole of contact metamorphism. They are in most cases in the form of stibine with fracture filling. Antimony deposits are vein-like and belong to several morphological types: deposits of large fractures opposing those of small fractures to which a particular type can be attributed, including that of cracks, and stratiform deposits with mineralization disseminated within the rock sedimentary host.
The pattern of distribution of antimoniferous mineralization in Central Morocco clearly shows their dependence on granite massifs. Lithological control is a key trap for the distribution of mineralization. The preferential alignment of these mineralizations is generally following the major fractures including two tectonic axes of NE-SW direction (Smala-Achemeche; Pays Zaïan-Haut Oued Beht), with a high frequency in the vicinity of the Carboniferous terrains and those of the pre-Carboniferous basement which constitutes the essential element of the search for new mineralized zones. In fact, it is the hearts of the anticlines as well as their flanks that are the best mineralized. Brittle tectonics played an essential role either at the local level of the deposit, or at the regional level of faulted anticlinal folds in determining the distribution of antimoniferous mineralization in the various massifs. The age of emplacement of antimoniferous mineralization is similar to the different massifs having been deposited at the end of the Hercynian orogeny.
The northern part of the Moroccan meseta is characterized by a number of deposits or showings of tin and tungsten. They are spatially associated with the Hercynian granitic massifs.
The magmatic activity of the North-Mesetian basement is characterized by the establishment in the West and in the center of important granite intrusions: Zaër, Ment, Oulmès, of several pointings of lesser importance: Moulay Bouazza, Aouam, Oued Beht and massifs, still in a hypothetical state, such as the buried granite of Achemmèche (El Hammam). This magmatic activity has led to the establishment of stanno-wolfamiferous mineralization locally of economic importance.
This comparative study presents a synthesis of the stanno-wolframiferous occurrences of Hercynian Central Morocco. The study focused on the mineralization of five localities representing the main Sn-W mineralized districts of Central Hercynian Morocco (Oulmès, Zaër, Ment, El Hammam, and Aouam). The characteristics of each of these mineralized occurrences are described before establishing a comparative synthesis given by way of conclusion. It specifies the similarities and differences between the different granite stocks of Central Morocco by identifying the points of analogy and difference of the Sn-W mineralized sites of Hercynian Central Morocco.
In the district of EI Hammam and precisely in the sector of Ticht Ouguas and along the fault of Jbala, which materializes in this place the abnormal contact between the anticlinorium of Khouribga-Oulmès and the synclinorium of Fourhal-TeIt, the presence sulphides disseminated in the sediments, the discovery of a major gravimetric anomaly in these sectors and above all the recognition and description, for the first time, of volcanic pillow lavas (pillow lavas), prompted the undertaking of prospecting for sulphide deposits. In this sense, two cored boreholes (SCJB1, SCJB2) of a few hundred m were implanted in the valley of the Boutoukret wadi upstream of the mine, almost on the route of the Jbala fault.
The region of the Jbala fault has experienced multiple geological events, which can be summarized in two major stages. The first stage corresponds to Visean turbiditic sedimentation in an active context of synsedimentary tectonics, followed by a second stage which corresponds to a major deformation with a NE-SW structure (post-Visean event) materialized by the functioning of the inherited fault, a tourmalinization (introduction of boron probably in relation to a thermal flux of deep origin (placement of the Achemèche granite), shear under conditions of brittle deformation, and finally a placement of sulphides.
The petrographic and mineralogical study of a certain number of samples from these drillings supplemented with those of surface made it possible to recognize petrographic facies (1) of the sedimentary rocks corresponding to an alternation of limestone benches, sandstones and dark pelites having undergone slight metamorphism hardly exceeding the degree of greenschist, (2) igneous rocks: diorites, dolerites and pillow lavas probably similar to a keratophyre, and (3) sulphides present along the entire length of the boreholes. Depending on the arrangement and lithological nature of the formations that host these sulphides, several types have been distinguished: either disseminated (essentially pyrite and pyrrhotite) or in fine laminae predominantly pyritic, or polymetallic (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and especially sphalerite) associated with carbonate levels, more or less skarnified and later in fissures parallel with the sulphides of the fluorite veins.
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